Salary/Celery Merger

The salary/celery merger is an example of neutralization. Two vowels that are clearly distinguished in words such as land and lend are pronounced with the same vowel. It is the vowel of land.

Dialects of English which are known to have the feature are the Australian (the state of Victoria), New Zealand and Norfolk in England. All the dialects with the salary/celery merger have a velarized lateral. In those dialects that have the merger, the front mid unrounded lax vowel of celery is lowered to the low vowel of salary.

The position of the tongue for the lateral influences the pronunciation of the preceding vowel. In Australia, the merger has been observed in Melbourne, the largest city in the state of Victoria. However, the merger is resisted in dialects that do not have a velarized lateral.

Three Spanish Words For The Word Hole

The word hole can we translated with three words in Spanish. They are agujero, hoyo and hueco. They are used in different contexts.

For a hole that is typically small and round with an entry and exit point, agujero is used. The sentence My t-shirt has a hole is Mi camiseta tiene un agujero.

For a hole in the ground or surface, use hoyo. It is also used for the holes of a golf course. The sentence The dog is making a hole in the garden is El perro está haciendo un hoyo en el jardín.

The word hueco refers to an empty or hollow space. It is also the adjective for hollow. To say The cat hides in a hole under the sofa, say El gato se esconde en un hueco debajo del sofá.

In Spanish the words agujero, hoyo and hueco can all be translated as hole. However, there are nuances in their use. They are applied in different contexts.

Semantic Features of Nouns

Semantics is the branch of linguistics which focusses on the study of meaning. All nouns can be analyzed with semantic features. The features +/-- animate, +/-- human, +/-- , +/-- adult and +/--male can be used to differentiate the meaning of words.

The following diagram uses basic features to distinguish the meanings of six English words:

               book     horse     girl     woman     boy     man

animate     --            --          +            +            +        +

human       --            --          +            +            +        +

male          --            --          --            --            +        +

adult          --            --          --            +            --        +

The diagram  illustrates the properties of six nouns. It does so with four basic features. The number of features can be increased to make more precise distinctions in the meaning of nouns.

 

Countries Without Articles in Portuguese

In Portuguese most countries require a definite article. This is the case with countries such as o Brasil (Brazil) and a Alemanha (Germany). However, a few countries do not use an article.

Here is a list of a few countries that do not use an article:

Andorra

Angola

Cape Verde

Cuba

Israel

Luxembourg

Monaco

Mozambique

Portugal

Sao Tome and Principe

The names of most countries are used with an article in Portuguese. However, a few countries do not use a definite article. The list shows countries that do not use one.

Danish Affricated Voiceless Alveolar Plosive

Danish is a language with strong aspiration. Unlike in Norwegian and Swedish, it has an affricated voiceless alveolar plosive. It occurs before stressed vowels and also stressed vowels preceded by a voiceless labiodental fricative and a palatal approximant. Affrication does not occur when the plosive is followed by a uvular fricative.

The following words have an affricated voiceless alveolar plosive:

tand (tooth)

tanke (thought)

te (tea)

tid (time)

time (hour)

tjeneste (service)

tog (train)

tunge (tongue)

tvilling (twin)

tyve (twenty)

Many of the Danish words with an affricated voiceless alveolar plosive have a voiceless alveolar affricate in German. Compare tand/Zahn, tid/Zeit, and tog/Zug. In certain Danish dialects such as those of northern and western Jutland, a voiceless alveolar plosive is used instead of an affricated one.

Raised Non-Sonorant Alveolar Trill of Czech

The raised-non sonorant alveolar trill of Czech is a rare consonant sound. It is produced by simultaneously rolling the tongue and creating a fricative without vocal fold vibration. In Czech it is represented by the letter ř.

Many Czech words have the consonant. It occurs in words such as  řeka (river), dveře (door), tři (three) and lékař (doctor). The raised non-sonorant alveolar trill of Czech can occur in all word positions: initial, medial and final.

The raised non-sonorant alveolar trill no longer occurs in Polish, but it once did. Though Slovak is closely related to Czech, it does not occur in Slovak. The raised non-sonorant alveolar trill of Czech is a rare consonant that is both a fricative and a trill.

One Sentence in Four Norwegian Dialects

Norwegian can be classified into four main dialects. They are the eastern, western, central and northern. To illustrate the differences, let us look at one sentence in the four languages. It is important to mention that the sentences can vary within the dialects themselves because they also exhibit variation.

The English sentence is I don't know what they want. Here it is in the four main dialects:

Jeg vet ikke hva de vil. (eastern)

Eg veit ikkje kva dei vil. (western)

Æ veit itj ka dæm vil. (central)

Æ veit ikkje ka dei vil. (northern)

The four sentences are similar, but they are clearly different. Only the eastern dialect uses the word hva for what. The sentences reveal a few differences with respect to Norwegian dialects.