Internal/External Locatives with Finnish Place Names

The Finnish language uses many postpositions. With Finnish cities, both internal and external locative cases are used. They can be translated in English as in and on. The internal locative is used for the city of Helsinki, but for city of Tampere, the external locative is used. Let us illustrate with examples.

The following cities use internal locatives:

in Helsinki Helsingissä

in Lahti Lahdessa

in Lappeenranta Lappeenrannassa

in Joensuu Joensuussa

in Jyväskylä Jyväskylässä

in Kokkola Kokkolassa

Kuopio Kuopiossa

in Oulu Oulussa

in Porvoo Porvoossa

in Turku Turussa

The following cities use external locatives:

in Hyvinkää Hyvinkäällä

in Kouvola Kouvolalla

in Lapua Lapualla

in Mäntsälä Mäntsälällä

in Pieksämäki Pieksämäellä

in Riihimäki Riihimäellä

in Rovaniemi Rovaniemellä

in Seinäjoki Seinäjoella

in Tampere Tampereella

in Vantaa Vantaalla

In contrast to many other languages, Finnish uses postpositions. For cities they can be either internal or external locative cases. In addition to the correct use of the postposition, modifications to the base can also occur.

Poem (I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud)

William Wordsworth was an English poet. His poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud was composed in the early 1800's. It is often nicknamed Daffodils. Here is the poem:

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o'er vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine

And twinkle on the milky way,

They stretched in never-ending line

Along the margin of a bay;

Ten thousand I saw at a glance,

Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they

Out-did the sparkling waves in glee;

A poet could not but be gay,

In such a jocund company;

I gazed--and gazed--but little thought

What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood,

They flash upon that inward eye

Which is the bliss of solitude;

And then my heart with pleasure fills,

And dances with the daffodils.

The poem consists of four stanzas with six verses each. In each stanza the first and third verses, and the second and fourth verses rhyme. All the stanzas conclude with a rhyming couplet. William Wordsworth's poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a very expressive poem about the beauty of daffodils.

Use of Schwa in Welsh English

The use of the schwa in Welsh English is less extensive than in standard English. In many words that have a schwa in standard English, Welsh uses a full vowel. This also influences the rhythm of Welsh English, which has a less signficant difference between stressed and unstressed syllables.

In words such as about, data and hospital, Welsh English retains full vowels in the unstressed syllables. This is very different from dialects such as that of Received Pronunciation, which reduces the unstressed syllables of about and data to a schwa, and the final syllable of hospital to a schwa and lateral or syllabic lateral.

Also notable is that in words such as but, dust and fund, Welsh English tends to use a higher and more centralized vowel than other varieties of English. In these words, the vowel is not stressed, but nevertheless, Welsh English uses a vowel which has a similar quality to that of the unstressed schwa.

Welsh English uses full vowels in many words which have reduced vowels in other dialects. This gives Welsh English a distinct rhythm. In stressed words, Welsh English often uses a schwa with a different vowel quality of other dialects, one that corresponds to the schwa other dialects use in unstressed syllables.

Use of Not and Adjective in English

English speakers sometimes use the negative adverb not before an adjective rather than a single adjective. This can be done for a number of reasons. It can be used to be diplomatic and soften the statement. In other words, it is not so direct.

The response not bad can be used to answer the question How are you? It is similar to the response OK, fine or average. The response not good is also common. In response to How was the movie?, it is possible to use Not good. It is far less direct than a response such as Terrible.

In the sentence His presentation was unclear, the word unclear is softer than a word such as confusing. Likewise, the response I'm not sure is softer and less direct than I have no idea or I don't know. The use of not before the adjective is an example of diplomatic understatement.

The use of not before an adjective is often used to produce an indirect and diplomatic statement. Though direct words such as terrible can be used instead of not good and fine can be used instead of not bad, the use of not has a softening effect. The phrase not good is considered more polite than bad. 

Poem (It is the Hour)

Lord Byron is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. The poem It is the Hour is a short poem. It is only fourteen verses.

It is the Hour

It is the hour when from the boughs

The nightingale's high note is heard;

It is the hour--when lover's vows

Seem sweet in every whisper'd word;

And gentle winds and waters near,

Make music to the lonely ear.

Each flower the dews have lightly wet,

And in the sky the stars are met,

And on the wave is deeper blue,

And on the leaf a browner hue,

And in the Heaven that clear obscure

So softly dark, and darkly pure,

That follows the decline of day

As twilight melts beneath the moon away.

In the poem It is the Hour the first and third verses rhyme and also the second and fourth. The rest of the poem consists of rhyming couplets. The poem has alliteration in the phrases seem sweet, whisper'd word, and make music. The poem describes the romantic and tranquil beauty of twilight.

Spanish Words

The Spanish words municipalidad and municipio can both be translated as municipality in English. However, they are different. Two other words that have different meanings are governador and gobernante. The first word has a more specific meaning than the second.

The word municipalidad refers to the territory and population of an area. In contrast, the word municipio refers to the government that administers the area.

The word gobernador is governor in English. Though the word gobernante can refer to a governor, it is a more general term and refers to any person who governs such as a president, governor or mayor. As a result, the word ruler is a better translation for gobernante.

Though the words municipalidad and municipio mean municipality, they have different meanings. This is also the case for gobernador and gobernante, two more related words with different meanings. The word municipalidad refers to an area, and municipio refers to the person who governs it. Both gobernador and governante can be translated as governor, but the word gobernante refers to all who have authority in government.

Portuguese of Porto Alegre

Porto Alegre is a city in the south of Brazil. The Portuguese spoken in the city is distinct from that of other parts of Brazil. Let us discuss a few characteristics of the accent.

The Portuguese of Porto Alegre is known for its intonation. The /r/ is pronounced word-finally as an alveolar flap or trill. This differs from many other parts of Brazil, which often do not pronounce the /r/ in word-final position.

The lateral is velarized in word-final position. This pronunciation is the same as in European Portuguese. In the rest of the country, however, the /l/ is vocalized word-finally.

In words such as arroz (rice) and dez (ten), the accent of Porto Alegre does not diphthongize. The vowels are always monophthongs. In words such as ouro (gold), diphthongization does not occur either.

The accent of Porto Alegre shares many similarities with the Portuguese of Sao Paulo. However, it is characterized by features such as velarization of the word-final lateral, the articulation of the /r/ in word-final position and the lack of diphthongization in many words.